 abrasive particles with double tapered shape
专利摘要:
The present invention relates to shaped abrasive particles which comprise alpha alumina and which have a first side, a second side, a maximum length along a longitudinal axis and a maximum width transverse to the longitudinal axis. The first side comprises a quadrilateral that has four edges and four vertices with the quadrilateral selected from the group consisting of a rhombus, a rhomboid, a kite, or a super-ellipse. Shaped abrasive particles have an aspect ratio of the maximum length divided by the maximum width of 1.3 or more. 公开号:BR112012013346B1 申请号:R112012013346-2 申请日:2010-11-23 公开日:2020-06-30 发明作者:Negus B. Adefris；Ehrich J. Braunschweig；Steven J. Keipert 申请人:3M Innovative Properties Company； IPC主号:
专利说明:
[0001] [001] Abrasive particles and abrasive articles produced from abrasive particles are useful for abrasion, finishing or crushing a wide variety of materials and surfaces in the manufacture of goods. As such, there remains a need to improve the cost, performance or life of the abrasive particle and / or the abrasive article. [0002] [002] Triangular shaped abrasive particles and abrasive articles using triangular shaped abrasive particles are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,201,916 to Berg; 5,366,523 to Rowenhorst (Re 35,570); and 5,984,988 for Berg. In one embodiment, the shape of the abrasive particles comprises an equilateral triangle. Abrasive particles with a triangular shape are useful in the manufacture of abrasive articles that have high cutting rates. summary [0003] [003] Shaped abrasive particles can, in general, outperform randomly crushed abrasive particles. By controlling the abrasive particle shape, it is possible to control the resulting performance of the abrasive article. The inventors have revealed that through the production of the shaped abrasive particles, such that the shaped abrasive particles taper towards each of their opposite ends (doubly tapered), the results of the grinding performance have improved significantly. [0004] [004] When shaped abrasive particles are used to produce a coated abrasive article, typically, an electrostatic field is used to capture and move the shaped abrasive particles so that they come into contact with the resin comprising the artificially produced coating in order to join a support. An advantage of the presently claimed abrasive shaped particles is that the more and more shaped abrasive particles are attached to the support, each shaped abrasive particle will tend to orient into the artificially produced coating, such that a point is present on the grinding face of the abrasive article as shown in figures 6 and 7. This occurs since the shaped abrasive particles are longer than wide and taper towards each end. [0005] [005] When abrasive particles with triangular shape are coated, as more particles are applied, some of the triangles will begin to fill between existing triangles with their points fixed to the artificially produced coating and the base of the triangle exposed to the crushing face as seen in Figure 3 of US Patent No. 5,201,916. This effect is specifically pronounced in closed coating constructions of the abrasive article where, in practice, the entire grinding face of the abrasive article is covered with the shaped abrasive particles. For some applications, reduced grinding performance occurs when horizontal surfaces, such as the base of the triangle instead of the points of the triangle, are present on the grinding face. [0006] [006] Other advantages of double-tapered abrasive particles are believed to be improved impact resistance and reduced bombardment. Since the shaped abrasive particles are wider near the center than at the ends, the particles can have improved hardness over a particle that has a consistent cross-sectional area, such as a rod-shaped abrasive particle. Abrasive rod-shaped particles with a high aspect ratio can simply detach from the base that are anchored into the dimensioned and artificially produced coating when subjected to impacts such as the crushing of a sharp edge under high loads. In contrast, the currently claimed shaped abrasive particles can be buried halfway into the dimensioned and artificially produced coatings leaving a much wider base where the shaped abrasive particle emerges from the coatings, improving impact resistance. In addition, since a significant portion of the shaped abrasive particle can be buried into the sized and artificially produced coatings, similar to the root of a tooth, reduced bombardment of the abrasive particles from the abrasive article is possible. [0007] [007] Another advantage in some embodiments is that the shaped abrasive particles can comprise a vertex and four facets on an opposite side. The facets, by virtue of being angled, can incline the shaped abrasive particle in relation to the support even when the shaped abrasive particle falls after being fixed to the artificially produced coating or being directly fixed more horizontally to the artificially produced coating. This again helps to prevent the presentation of a substantially horizontal surface of the shaped abrasive particle in relation to the grinding face and, thereby, in relation to the material to be scraped by the shaped abrasive particles. As seen in figure 7, the shaped abrasive particles that rest more horizontally than vertically on the grinding face of the coated abrasive article as the identified particles, H, still have sharp edges and tips that initially come into contact with the material to be scraped, rather than a horizontal surface, thereby improving cutting performance. [0008] [008] Therefore, in one embodiment, the invention encompasses shaped abrasive particles comprising alpha alumina and having a first side, a second side, a maximum length along a longitudinal axis and a maximum width transverse to the longitudinal axis; the first side comprising a quadrilateral that has four edges and four vertices with the quadrilateral selected from the group consisting of a rhombus, a rhomboid, a deltoid or a superelipse; and where an aspect ratio of the maximum length divided by the maximum width is 1.3 or greater. Brief Description of Drawings [0009] [009] It should be understood by the person skilled in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary modalities only, and is not intended to limit the broader aspects of the present description, whose broad aspects are incorporated into the exemplary construction. [0010] [0010] Figures 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate a first side, a second side and a side view of an embodiment of a shaped abrasive particle. [0011] [0011] Figures 2A, 2B and 2C illustrate a first side, a second side and a side view of another embodiment of a shaped abrasive particle. [0012] [0012] Figures 3A, 3B and 3C illustrate a first side, a second side and a side view of another embodiment of a shaped abrasive particle. [0013] [0013] Figures 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate a first side, a second side and a side view of another embodiment of a shaped abrasive particle. [0014] [0014] Figures 5A, 5B and 5C illustrate a first side, a second side and a side view of another embodiment of a shaped abrasive particle. [0015] [0015] Figure 6 illustrates a coated abrasive article produced from the shaped abrasive particles of figure 1. [0016] [0016] Figure 7 is a photomicrograph of the crushing face of a coated abrasive article produced from the shaped abrasive particles of figure 1. [0017] [0017] Figure 8 is a photomicrograph of abrasive particles with rhombic pyramidal shape, straight -50 / + 60 versus crushed particles. [0018] [0018] Figure 9 is a cut rate graph as a function of cycles for abrasive particles with rhombic pyramidal shapes straight -70 / + 80 (figure 1) versus crushed particles. [0019] [0019] Figure 10 is a cumulative cut-off graph as a function of cyclic abrasive particle cycles with a straight rhombic shape of -70 / + 80 (figure 1) versus crushed particles. [0020] [0020] Figure 11 is a cut-rate graph as a function of cycles for abrasive particles with rhombic pyramidal shapes straight -60 / + 70 (figure 1) versus crushed particles. [0021] [0021] Figure 12 is a cumulative cut-off graph as a function of cycles for abrasive particles with rhombic pyramidal shapes straight -60 / + 70 (figure 1) versus crushed particles [0022] [0022] Figure 13 is a cut rate graph as a function of cycles for 30% rhombic-shaped abrasive particles straight -50 / + 60 (figure 1) with crushed particles versus 100% crushed particles. [0023] [0023] Figure 14 is a cut rate graph as a cycle function for the abrasive particles conformed to figure 3 in stainless steel. [0024] [0024] Figure 15 is a cut rate graph as a cycle function for the abrasive particles conformed to figure 1 in stainless steel. [0025] [0025] Figure 16 is a cut rate graph as a cycle function for shaped abrasive particles that have two parallel stainless steel equilateral triangular faces. [0026] [0026] Figure 17 is a cut rate graph as a cycle function for the abrasive particles conformed to figure 3 in mild steel. [0027] [0027] Figure 18 is a cut rate graph as a cycle function for the abrasive particles conformed to figure 1 in mild steel. [0028] [0028] Figure 19 is a cut rate graph as a cumulative cut function for shaped abrasive particles that have two parallel equilateral triangular faces in stainless steel. [0029] [0029] The repeated use of reference characters in the specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous characteristics or elements of the disclosure. Definitions [0030] [0030] For use in the present invention, the forms of the words "understand", "have" and "include" are legally equivalent and are not limiting. Therefore, the additional elements, functions, steps or limitations not mentioned may be present in addition to the elements, functions, steps, or limitations mentioned. [0031] [0031] For use in the present invention, the term "abrasive dispersion" means a precursor to alpha alumina that can be converted to alpha alumina, which is introduced into a mold cavity. The composition is called an abrasive dispersion until sufficient volatile components are removed to cause the abrasive dispersion to solidify. [0032] [0032] For use in the present invention, the term "precursor shaped abrasive particle" means the non-sintered particle produced by removing a sufficient amount of the volatile component from the abrasive dispersion, when it is in the mold cavity, to form a solidified body that can be removed from the mold cavity and substantially retains its molded shape in subsequent processing operations. [0033] [0033] For use in the present invention, the term "shaped abrasive particle" means a ceramic abrasive particle with at least a portion of the abrasive particle having a predetermined shape that is replicated from a mold cavity used to form the particle shaped precursor abrasive. Except in the case of abrasive fragments (for example, as described in provisional application No. 61 / 016,965), the shaped abrasive particle will, in general, have a predetermined geometric shape that substantially reproduces the mold cavity that was used to form the conformed abrasive particle. The shaped abrasive particle, for use in the present invention, excludes abrasive particles obtained by a mechanical crushing operation. Detailed Description Abrasive particles with double tapered shape [0034] [0034] With reference to figures 1 to 5, exemplary double tapered abrasive particles 20 are illustrated. The material from which the shaped abrasive particle 20 is produced comprises alpha alumina. Alpha alumina particles can be produced from a dispersion of aluminum oxide monohydrate that is gelled, shaped to a shape, dried to retain the shape, calcined, and then sintered, as discussed later in this document. The shape of the shaped abrasive particle is retained without the need for a binder to form a agglomerate comprising the abrasive particles in a binder, which are then formed into a shaped structure. [0035] [0035] In general, shaped abrasive particles 20 comprise thin bodies that have a first side 24 and a second side 26 and have a thickness T. In some embodiments, the thickness T varies from about 5 micrometers to about 1 millimeter. In some embodiments, the first side 24 and the second side 26 are connected to each other by at least one side wall 28, which can be a side slope wall as shown in figure 3 which has a slope angle other than 90 degrees. In some embodiments, more than one slope sidewall 28 may be present and the slope or angle for each slope sidewall 28 may be the same or different as more fully described in pending US patent application serial number 12 / 337,075 filed on December 17, 2008 entitled “Shaped Abrasive Particles With A Sloping Sidewall.” In other embodiments, the side wall 28 can cross the first side 24 and the second side 26 at a 90 degree angle as shown in figure 5. [0036] [0036] In general, the first side 24 of the shaped abrasive particle comprises a quadrilateral having four edges 30 and four vertices 32 with the quadrilateral selected from the group consisting of a rhombus, a rhomboid, a deltoid or a superelipse. The vertices of the quadrilateral can also be classified as a pair of opposing main vertices 34 which are crossed by a longitudinal axis 36 and a pair of opposing minor vertices 38 located on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis 36. [0037] [0037] A rhombus is a quadrilateral that has four edges of equal length and in which the opposite vertices have included angles of equal degrees as seen in figures 1 and 3. A rhomboid is a parallelogram in which the two edges intersect 30 in one side of the longitudinal axis 36 has uneven lengths and the vertex 32 between these edges has an included oblique angle as seen in figure 4. A deltoid, as seen in figure 5, is a quadrilateral in which the two opposite edges 30 above an axis transverse 40 have an equal length and the two opposite edges 30 above the transverse axis 40 have equal length, but have a different length in relation to the edges above the transverse axis. You can take a rhombus and move one of its opposite main vertices 34 towards or in addition in the direction opposite to the transverse axis 40 so that a deltoid is formed. A superelipse is a geometric figure defined by the Lam'e curve that has the formula (x / a) n + (y / b) n = 1 where n, a and b are positive numbers. When n is between 0 and 1, the superelipse resembles a star with four arms with concave edges (without scallops) as shown in figure 2. When n is equal to 1, a rhombus a = b or a deltoid a ≠ b It is formed. When n is between 1 and 2, the edges 30 become convex. [0038] [0038] The shape of the first side 24 is selected from the groups above since these shapes will result in an abrasive particle shaped with opposing main vertices 34 along the longitudinal axis 36 and in a shape that tapers from the transversal axis 40 in towards each opposite main vertex. As such, the shaped abrasive particle will tend to have a main vertex 34 in the artificially produced coating and a second main vertex 34 exposed to the crushing face when an electrostatic field is used to apply the shaped abrasive particles to a coated support; specifically, as more and more shaped abrasive particles are applied to the support. [0039] [0039] The degree of tapering can be controlled by selecting a specific aspect ratio for the particle as defined by the maximum length, L, along the longitudinal axis 36 divided by the maximum width, W, along the transverse axis 40 that it is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 36. The abrasive particles formed in figures 1, 2 and 3 all have an aspect ratio of approximately 2.4. The abrasive particle conformed in figure 4 has an aspect ratio of approximately 6.2. The shaped abrasive particle of Figure 5 has an aspect ratio of approximately 1.8. The aspect ratio must be greater than 1.0 for the abrasive particle conformed to a taper as desired in order to obtain an improved electrostatic coating. In various embodiments of the invention, the aspect ratio is between about 1.3 to about 10, or between about 1.5 to about 8, or between about 1.7 to about 5. As the aspect ratio becomes too large, the shaped abrasive particle can become very brittle. This can cause the shaped abrasive particle to break, as opposed to being gradually worn away, when used under heavy loads to crush objects that have sharp edges where the impact loading on the shaped abrasive particles can be severe. Desirably, the aspect ratio is selected such that a sufficient width and / or thickness of the shaped abrasive particle is buried into the artificially produced and sized coatings in order to avoid detaching the tip end of the shaped abrasive particle and the bombardment of the particle from the coated abrasive article. [0040] [0040] In some modalities, it is possible to slightly truncate one or more of the vertices as shown by the dashed lines 42 in figure 1 and to mold the abrasive particles formed in such a configuration. It is believed that such particles will have a reduced initial cut and, in a way, will resemble the shape of the abrasive particles after using them for a short period of time to scrape materials. Therefore, it is possible to design abrasive particles conformed to one or more truncated vertices for applications where a wider initial bearing area or reduced initial cut is desired. In these modalities, if the edges where the truncation occurs can be extended to form one or more imaginary vertices that then complete the claimed quadrilateral, the first side 24 is considered to be the claimed shape. For example, if both main opposite vertices 34 were truncated as shown by the dashed lines 42, the resulting shape would still be considered to be a rhombus due to the fact that when the edges are extended beyond the truncation, they form two imaginary vertices, thus mode, completing the diamond shape for the first side 24. [0041] [0041] In some embodiments, the second side 26 comprises a vertex 44 and four facets 46 that form a pyramid as shown in figures 1 and 2. In such embodiments, the thickness, T, of the shaped abrasive particles can be controlled to select a angle, β, between the first side 24 and the facets 46. Facets 46, by virtue of being angled, can incline the shaped abrasive particle in relation to the support even when the shaped abrasive particle falls after being fixed to the artificially produced coating or directly fixed more horizontally to the artificially produced coating. This again helps to prevent the presentation of a substantially horizontal surface of the shaped abrasive particle in relation to the grinding face and, thereby, in relation to the material to be scraped by the shaped abrasive particles. As seen in figure 7, the shaped abrasive particles that rest more horizontally than vertically on the grinding face of the coated abrasive article as the identified particles, H, still have sharp edges and lower opposing vertices 38 that initially come into contact with the material to be scraped, rather than a horizontal surface, thereby improving cutting performance. This modality for the second side 26 can be used with any of the formats referred to for the first side 24. [0042] [0042] In various embodiments of the invention, the angle β between the first side 24 and the facets 46 can be between 20 degrees to about 50 degrees, or between about 10 degrees to about 60 degrees, or between about 5 degrees at about 65 degrees. [0043] [0043] In some embodiments, the second side 26 may comprise a ridge line 47 and four facets 46 that form a structure similar to a hipped roof as seen in figure 4. Then, two opposite facets will have a triangular shape and two opposite facets will have a trapezoidal shape. Similar variations for the angle β between the first side and the facets 46 can be used in this modality. This modality for the second side 26 can be used with any of the formats referred to for the first side 24. [0044] [0044] In some embodiments, the second side 26 comprises a second face 48 and four facets that form a side wall 28 (angle of inclination between the side wall 28 and the second face 48 is equal to 90 degrees as seen in figure 5 ) or a slope side wall 28 (slope angle a between the side wall 28 and the second face 48 greater than 90 degrees as seen in figure 3). As the thickness, T, of this shaped abrasive particle becomes larger, the shaped abrasive particle resembles a truncated pyramid when the angle of inclination a is greater than 90 degrees. The angle of inclination a between the second face 48 and the side wall 28 of the shaped abrasive particle 20 can be varied to change the relative size of the second face 48. In various embodiments of the invention, the angle of inclination a can be between approximately 90 degrees at approximately 135 degrees, or between approximately 95 degrees to approximately 130 degrees, or between about 95 degrees to about 125 degrees or between about 95 degrees to about 120 degrees or between about 95 degrees to about 115 degrees or between about 95 degrees to about 110 degrees or between about 95 degrees to about 105 degrees or between about 95 degrees to about 100 degrees. As discussed in US patent application serial number 12 / 337,075 entitled “Shaped Abrasive Particles With A Sloping Sidewall” filed on December 17, 2008, specific variations in the angle of inclination were revealed to produce surprising increases in crushing performance of coated abrasive articles produced from abrasive particles formed with a sloping sidewall. In particular, the 98-degree, 120-degree or 135-degree exit angles have been revealed to have improved crushing performance over a 90-degree tilt angle. The improvement in shredding performance is particularly pronounced at the exit angles of 98 degrees or 120 degrees as seen in Figures 6 and 7 of U.S. Patent Application Serial Number 12 / 337,075. This modality for the second side 26 can be used with any of the formats referred to for the first side 24. [0045] [0045] In some embodiments, the first side 24 is substantially flat, the second side 48 is substantially flat, or both are substantially flat. Alternatively, the first side 24 could be concave or lowered 50 as discussed in more detail in the copending US patent application serial number 12 / 336,961 entitled “Dish-Shaped Abrasive Particles With A Recessed Surface”, filed December 17, 2008 Figure 5 shows a shaped abrasive particle having a first concave side 24 50. A concave or recessed surface 50 can be created by selecting drying conditions for the sun-gel while remaining in the mold cavity that forms a meniscus in the sol-gel that tends to displace the edges of the sol-gel up the sides of the mold as discussed in US Patent Application Serial No. 12 / 336,961. A concave surface 50 on the first side 24 can help to increase cutting performance in some applications similar to a hollow ground chisel blade. Although the recess 50 is only shown in the embodiment of figure 5, this feature can be used with any of the features or combinations of features or features shown or described in that patent application. [0046] [0046] Additionally, one or more openings 52 through the shaped abrasive particle that pass through the first side 24 and the second side 26 could be present as discussed in more detail in copending US patent application serial number 12 / 337,112 entitled “ Shaped Abrasive Particles With An Opening ”, deposited on December 17, 2008. Figure 2 shows two openings 52 that pass through the shaped abrasive particle. An opening 52 through the shaped abrasive particle can reduce the apparent density of the shaped abrasive particles, thereby increasing the porosity of the resulting abrasive article in some applications, such as a grinding wheel, where increased porosity is often desired. Alternatively, the opening can reduce bombardment by anchoring the particle in the more firmly sized coating or the opening can act as a reservoir for crushing aid. An opening can be formed within the shaped abrasive particle by selecting drying conditions that exaggerate the meniscus phenomenon discussed above, or by producing a mold that has one or more posts extending from the bottom similar to a Bundt cake pan . Methods of producing abrasive particles conformed to an aperture are discussed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12 / 337,112. Although opening 52 is only shown in the embodiment of figure 2, this feature can be used with any of the features or combinations of features or features shown or described in that patent application. [0047] [0047] Additionally, the shaped abrasive particles may have a plurality of grooves 53 (figure 3) on the second side 26 as described in US provisional application serial number 61 / 138.268 entitled “Shaped Abrasive Particles With Grooves” deposited on 17 December 2008. The grooves are formed by a plurality of ridges on the lower surface of the mold cavity that have been shown to facilitate the removal of precursor shaped abrasive particles from the mold. It is believed that a ridge that has a cross-section with a triangular shape acts as a wedge that lifts the precursor shaped abrasive particle out of the bottom surface of the mold under drying conditions that promotes sun-gel shrinkage while remaining in the cavity of the mold. When viewing the abrasive particles conformed in figure 6 closely, the plurality of grooves 53 on the second side 26 can be seen. Although grooves 53 are only shown in the embodiment of figure 3, this feature can be used with any of the features or combinations of features or features shown or described in that patent application. [0048] [0048] Additionally, the shaped abrasive particle can have a plurality of ridges extending from the second side 26 as seen in figure 8. The ridges can be placed on facets 46 (or on the second face 48) such that a stair step appearance is formed on the second side 26 by concentric ridges. In other modalities, the ridges can form parallel non-intersecting lines or parallel intersecting lines (cross hatch pattern). In one embodiment, the concentric ridges comprise an equilateral triangular cross section that arises above the facet surfaces on the second side and that have a base dimension between 8 to 10 micrometers, a height between 3 to 5 micrometers and that are spaced linearly approximately at every 40 to 45 micrometers. In other modalities, the cross section of the ridges can be square, rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular or have other geometric shapes. The ridges are believed to increase the surface area of the second side 26, thereby promoting improved adhesion to the resin coating of the coated abrasive article. The plurality of ridges can be formed by a plurality of grooves cut in the bottom surface of the mold cavity. Although the ridges are only shown in the form of figure 8, this feature can be used with any of the features or combinations of features or features shown or described in that patent application. [0049] [0049] Shaped abrasive particles 20 can have various volumetric aspect ratios. The volumetric aspect ratio is defined as the ratio between the maximum cross-sectional area passing through the centroid of a volume and the minimum cross-sectional area passing through the centroid. For some formats, the area in maximum or minimum cross section can be a tilted, angled, or inclined plane in relation to the external geometry of the shape. For example, a sphere would have a volumetric aspect ratio of 1,000, while a cube would have a volumetric aspect ratio of 1.414. An abrasive particle shaped in the form of an equilateral triangle, which has each side equal to length A and a uniform thickness equal to A, will have a volumetric aspect ratio of 1.54, and if the uniform thickness is reduced to 0.25A , the volumetric aspect ratio increases to 2.64. Double-tapered abrasive particles that have a higher volumetric aspect ratio are believed to have sharp cutting performance. In various embodiments of the invention, the volumetric aspect ratio for shaped abrasive particles can be greater than about 1.15 or greater than about 1.50 or greater than about 2.0 or between about 1.15 to about from 10.0 or between about 1.20 to about 5.0 or between about 1.30 to about 3.0. [0050] [0050] Shaped abrasive particles 20 produced in accordance with the present description can be incorporated into an abrasive article or used in the loose form. Abrasive particles are, in general, classified for a given particle size distribution before use. Such distributions typically have a range of particle sizes, from rough particles to fine particles. In abrasive technique, this band is sometimes called "rough", "control" and "thin" fractions. Abrasive particles classified according to the classification standards accepted by the abrasive industry specify the particle size distribution for each nominal classification within numerical limits. Such industry-accepted classification standards (that is, nominal rating specified by the abrasives industry) include those known as the standards of the American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI), standards of the Federation of European Producers of Abrasive Products (FEPA) and Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) standards. [0051] [0051] ANSI classification designations (ie specified nominal classifications) include: ANSI 4, ANSI 6, ANSI 8, ANSI 16, ANSI 24, ANSI 36, ANSI 40, ANSI 50, ANSI 60, ANSI 80, ANSI 100, ANSI 120, ANSI 150, ANSI 180, ANSI 220, ANSI 240, ANSI 280, ANSI 320, ANSI 360, ANSI 400 and ANSI 600. FEPA classification designations include P8, P12, P16, P24, P36, P40 , P50, P60, P80, P100, P120, P150, P180, P220, P320, P400, P500, P600, P800, P1000 and P1200. JIS classification designations include JIS8, JIS12, JIS16, JIS24, JIS36, JIS46, JIS54, JIS60, JIS80, JIS100, JIS150, JIS180, JIS220, JIS240, JIS280, JIS320, JIS360, JIS400, JIS600, JIS800, JIS800, JIS800 , JIS2500, JIS4000, JIS6000, JIS8000 and JIS10,000. [0052] [0052] Alternatively, shaped abrasive particles 20 can be classified by a nominal screening classification using U.S.A. Standard Test Sieves in accordance with ASTM E-11 "Standard Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes." ASTM E-11 outlines requirements for the design and construction of test sieves using a woven wire cloth medium mounted on a frame for the classification of materials according to a designated particle size. A typical designation can be represented as -18 + 20, which means that shaped abrasive particles 20 pass through a test sieve that meets the E-11 specifications for the number 18 sieve and are retained on a test sieve which meets the specifications of ASTM E-11 for the number 20 sieve. In one embodiment, the shaped abrasive particles 20 have a particle size such that most particles pass through a network test sieve 18 and are retained in a 20.25,30,35,40,45 or 50 mesh test sieve. In various embodiments of the invention, shaped abrasive particles 20 may have a nominal screening rating comprising: -18 + 20, -20 / + 25, -25 + 30, -30 + 35, -35 + 40, -40 + 45, -45 + 50, -50 + 60, -60 + 70, - 70 / + 80, -80 + 100, -100 +120, -120 + 140, -140 + 170, -170 + 200, -200 + 230, -230 + 270, -270 + 325, -325 + 400, -400 + 450, -450 + 500 or -500 +635. Alternatively, an adapted network size could be used as -90 + 100. [0053] [0053] In one aspect, the present description features a plurality of shaped abrasive particles that have a nominal rating specified by the abrasive industry or nominal triad rating, with at least a portion of the plurality of abrasive particles being shaped abrasive particles 20. In In another aspect, the description features a method comprising the classification of shaped abrasive particles 20 produced in accordance with the present description to provide a plurality of shaped abrasive particles 20 having a nominal rating specified by the abrasive industry or a nominal screening rating . [0054] [0054] If desired, conformed abrasive particles 20 having a nominal rating specified by the abrasive industry or a nominal screening rating can be mixed with other known abrasive or non-abrasive particles. In some embodiments, at least 5.10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or even 100 percent, by weight, of the plurality of abrasive particles, which have a nominal rating specified by the abrasive industry or a nominal screening classification, is shaped abrasive particles 20 produced in accordance with the present description, based on the total weight of the plurality of abrasive particles . [0055] [0055] Particles suitable for mixing with shaped abrasive particles 20 include conventional abrasive grains, diluting grains or agglomerates susceptible to erosion, such as those described in US patents No. 4,799,939 and 5,078,753 Representative examples of conventional abrasive grains include fused aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, cubic boron nitride, diamond and the like. Representative examples of diluent grains include marble, natural plaster and glass. Mixtures of different shaped abrasive particles 20 (rhombus, deltoid or triangle, for example) or mixtures of shaped abrasive particles 20 with side slope walls that have different exit angles (for example, particles that have a 98 degree slope angle mixed with particles having an inclination angle of 120 degrees) can be used in the articles of this invention. [0056] [0056] For some applications, blends of shaped abrasive particles and conventional abrasive grains have been revealed to work satisfactorily. In these patent applications, as shown in the examples, even a small amount of the shaped abrasive particles, such as 10% by weight, perform significantly. In blends of abrasive particles conformed to conventional abrasive grains or diluent grains, the weight of the abrasive particles formed in the blend can be less than or equal to 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15 or 10% and still provide a significant performance increase . [0057] [0057] Shaped abrasive particles 20 may also have a surface coating. Surface coatings are known to optimize the adhesion between abrasive grains and the binder in abrasive articles, or can be used to assist in the electrostatic deposition of shaped abrasive particles 20. In one embodiment, surface coatings as described in US Patent No. 5,352 .254 in an amount of 0.1% to 2% inorganic products for the weight of the shaped abrasive particle were used. Such surface coatings are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,213,591; 5,011,508; 1,910,444; 3,041,156; 5,009,675; 5,085,671; 4,997,461; and 5,042,991. Additionally, the surface coating can prevent welding or adhesion of the abrasive particle formed on the top of the abrasive grain (capping). “Capping” is the term used to describe the phenomenon where metal particles from the workpiece being ground are welded to the tops of the shaped abrasive particles. Surface coatings that perform the above functions are known to those skilled in the art. Abrasive article that has abrasive particles with a double tapered shape [0058] [0058] With reference to figure 6, a coated abrasive article 54 comprises a support 56 that has a first binder layer, hereafter in this document called the artificially produced coating 58, applied on a first main surface 60 of the support 56. Attached or partially incorporated into the artificially produced coating 58 is a plurality of shaped abrasive particles 20 forming an abrasive layer. On the shaped abrasive particles 20 is a second binder layer, later in this document called the dimensioned coating 62. The purpose of the artificially produced coating 58 is to trap the shaped abrasive particles 20 on the substrate 56 and the purpose of the dimensioned coating 62 is to reinforce the shaped abrasive particles 20. An optional oversized coating, as known to those skilled in the art, can also be applied. Most (greater than 50%) of the shaped abrasive particles 20 are oriented, such that one of the opposite main vertices 34 points away from the support 56 and one of the opposite main vertices 34 is incorporated into the artificially produced coating 58. [0059] [0059] To further optimize the use of abrasive particles with a double tapered shape, an abrasive layer of closed coating can be used. A closed-layer abrasive layer is defined as the maximum weight of abrasive particles or a blend of abrasive particles that can be applied in a single pass to a primary (anchoring) coating on an abrasive article. An open coating is an amount of abrasive particles, or a blend of abrasive particles, weighing less than the maximum weight in grams that can be applied, which is applied to a primary coating of a coated abrasive article. An abrasive layer of open coating will result in less than 100% coverage of the coating artificially produced with abrasive particles, thus leaving open areas and a visible resin layer between the particles. [0060] [0060] The artificially produced coating 58 and the dimensioned coating 62 comprise a resinous adhesive. The resinous adhesive of the artificially produced coating 58 can be the same or different from that of the dimensioned coating 62. Examples of resinous adhesives that are suitable for these coatings include phenolic resins, epoxy resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, acrylate resins, aminoplastic resins, melamine resins, acrylated epoxy resins, urethane resins and combinations thereof. In addition to the resinous adhesive, the artificially produced coating 58 or dimensioned coating 62, or both coatings, may also comprise additives that are known in the art, such as fillers, crushing aids, wetting agents , surfactants, dyes, pigments, binding agents, adhesion promoters, and combinations thereof. Examples of fillers include calcium carbonate, silica, talc, clay, calcium metasilicate, dolomite, aluminum sulfate and combinations thereof. [0061] [0061] A crushing aid can be applied to the coated abrasive article. A crushing aid is defined as particulate material, the addition of which has a significant effect on the chemical and physical processes of abrasion, thus resulting in improved performance. Crushing aids cover a wide variety of different materials and can be inorganic or organic. Examples of chemical grinding aid groups include waxes, organic halide compounds, halide salts, and metals and their alloys. Organic halide compounds will typically decompose during abrasion and release a halogen acid or a gaseous halide compound. Examples of these materials include chlorinated waxes, such as tetrachloronaphthalene, pentachloronaphthalene and polyvinyl chloride. Examples of halide salts include sodium chloride, potassium cryolite, sodium cryolite, ammonium cryolite, potassium tetrafluoroborate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, silicon fluorides, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride. Examples of metals include tin, lead, bismuth, cobalt, antimony, cadmium, iron and titanium. Other crushing aids include sulfur, organic sulfur compounds, graphite, and metal sulfides. It is also within the scope of this invention to use a combination of different crushing aids; in some cases, this can produce a synergistic effect. In one embodiment, the crushing aid was cryolite or potassium tetrafluoroborate. The amount of such additives can be adjusted according to the desired properties. It is also within the scope of this invention to use a topcoat. The topcoat typically contains a binder and a crushing aid. Binders can be formed from materials such as phenolic resins, acrylate resins, epoxy resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine resins, urethane resins and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, an oversized coating comprising a heat-hardened epoxy resin, a dressing, a thermoplastic hydrocarbon resin, a crushing aid, a dispersing agent, and a pigment is used as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,441,549 ( Helmin). [0062] [0062] It is also included in the scope of this invention that shaped abrasive particles 20 can be used in a bonded abrasive article, a nonwoven abrasive article or abrasive brushes. A bonded abrasive can comprise a plurality of shaped abrasive particles 20 bonded by means of a binder to form a shaped mass. The binder for a bonded abrasive can be metallic, organic, or glassy. A nonwoven abrasive comprises a plurality of shaped abrasive particles 20 connected to a fibrous nonwoven web by means of an organic binder. Production method of double-tapered abrasive particles [0063] [0063] The first step of the process involves providing both a seeded and unseeded abrasive dispersion that can be converted to alpha alumina. The precursor composition of alpha alumina often comprises a liquid that is a volatile component. In one embodiment, the volatile component is water. The abrasive dispersion must comprise a sufficient amount of liquid so that the viscosity of the abrasive dispersion is sufficiently low, allowing to fill the mold cavities and replicate the mold surfaces, but not so much liquid as to cause the subsequent removal of the liquid from the mold cavity, becoming prohibitively expensive. In one embodiment, the abrasive dispersion comprises from 2 percent to 90 percent by weight of particles that can be converted to alpha alumina, such as aluminum oxide monohydrate (bohemite) particles, and at least 10 percent by weight, or 50 percent to 70 percent, or 50 percent to 60 percent, by weight, of a volatile component such as water. Adversely, the abrasive dispersion, in some embodiments, contains 30 percent to 50 percent, or 40 percent to 50 percent, by weight, of solids. [0064] [0064] Aluminum oxide hydrates in addition to bohemian can also be used. Bohemite can be prepared by known techniques or it can be commercially obtained. Examples of commercially available bohemians include products bearing the trademarks "DISPERAL" and "DISPAL", both of which are available from Sasol North America, Inc. or "HiQ-40" available from BASF Corporation. These aluminum oxide monohydrates are relatively pure, that is, they include relatively few, if any, hydrate phases in addition to monohydrates and have a high surface area. The physical properties of the resulting shaped abrasive particles 20 will, in general, depend on the type of material used in the abrasive dispersion. [0065] [0065] In one embodiment, the abrasive dispersion is in a gel state. For use in the present invention, a "gel" is a three-dimensional network of solids dispersed in a liquid. The abrasive dispersion may contain a modifying additive or precursor to a modifying additive. The modifying additive can work to improve some desirable properties of the abrasive particles or to increase the effectiveness of the subsequent sintering step. Modification additives or modification additive precursors can be in the form of soluble salts, typically water-soluble salts. They typically consist of a metal-containing compound and can be a precursor to magnesium oxide, zinc, iron, silicon, cobalt, nickel, zirconium, hafnium, chromium, yttrium, praseodymium, samarium, ytterbium, neodymium, lanthanum, gadolinium, cerium, dysprosium, erbium, titanium and mixtures thereof. The particular concentrations of these additives that may be present in the abrasive dispersion can be varied depending on those skilled in the art. Typically, the introduction of a modifying additive or precursor to a modifying additive will induce abrasive dispersion to gel. Abrasive dispersion can also be induced to gel through the application of heat over a period of time. [0066] [0066] The abrasive dispersion may also contain a nucleating agent (seeding) to accentuate the transformation from calcined or hydrated aluminum oxide to alpha alumina. Nucleating agents suitable for this description include fine particles of alpha alumina, ferric alpha oxide or its precursor, titanium and titanate oxides, chromium oxides or any other material that will nuclear the transformation. The amount of nucleating agent, if used, must be sufficient to effect the transformation of alpha alumina. Nucleation as abrasive dispersions is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,744,802 to Schwabel. [0067] [0067] A peptizing agent can be added to the abrasive dispersion to produce a more stable hydrosol or colloidal abrasive dispersion. Suitable peptizing agents are monoprotic acids or compounds of acids such as acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid and nitric acid. Multiprotic acids can also be used, but they can quickly make the dispersion abrasive in gel, making it difficult to handle or introduce additional components into it. Some commercial bohemian sources contain an acidic titration (such as absorbed formic acid or nitric acid) that will assist in the formation of a stable abrasive dispersion. [0068] [0068] The abrasive dispersion may be formed by any suitable means, such as, for example, simply by mixing aluminum oxide monohydrate with water containing a peptizing agent or by forming an aqueous paste of aluminum oxide monohydrate which the peptizing agent is added. Foam eliminators or other suitable chemicals can be added to reduce the tendency for bubbles or air to enter under mixing. Additional chemicals such as wetting agents, alcohols or binding agents can be added if desired. The abrasive grain of alpha alumina may contain iron oxide and silica as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,645,619 to Erickson et al. on July 8, 1997. The alpha alumina abrasive grain may contain zirconia as disclosed in US Patent No. 5,551,963 to Larmie on September 3, 1996. Alternatively, the alpha alumina abrasive grain has a microstructure or additives as shown in US Patent No. 6,277,161 to Castro on August 21, 2001. [0069] [0069] The second step of the process involves providing a mold that has at least one mold cavity, and preferably a plurality of cavities. The mold may have a generally flat bottom surface and a plurality of mold cavities. The plurality of cavities can be formed in a production tool. The production tool can be a belt, a blade, a continuous mat, a coating cylinder such as a gravure cylinder, a glove mounted on a coating cylinder or matrix. In one embodiment, the production tool comprises polymeric material. Examples of suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastics such as polyesters, polycarbonates, poly (sulfone ether), poly (methyl methacrylate), polyurethanes, polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene or combinations thereof, or heat-cured materials. In one embodiment, the entire tool is made of a polymeric or thermoplastic material. In another embodiment, the tool surfaces in contact with the sol-gel under drying, such as the surfaces of the plurality of cavities, comprise polymeric or thermoplastic materials and other portions of the tool can be produced from other materials. A suitable polymeric coating can be applied to a metal tool to change its surface tension properties as an example. [0070] [0070] A polymeric or thermoplastic tool can be copied from a metal master tool. The master tool will have a pattern opposite to that desired for the production tool. The master tool can be produced in the same way as the production tool. In one embodiment, the master tool is made of metal, for example nickel, and is turned by diamond. The polymeric blade material can be heated together with the master tool so that the polymeric material is embossed with the standard master tool by pressing both. A polymeric or thermoplastic material can also be extruded or molded on the master tool and then pressed. The thermoplastic material is cooled to solidify and produce the production tool. If a thermoplastic production tool is used, care must be taken not to generate excessive heat that could distort the thermoplastic production tool, limiting its life. More information regarding the design and manufacture of production tools or master tools can be found in U.S. Patent No. 5,152,917 (Pieper et al.); 5,435,816 (Spurgeon et al.); 5,672,097 (Hoopman et al.); 5,946,991 (Hoopman et al.); 5,975,987 (Hoopman et al.); and 6,129,540 (Hoopman et al.). [0071] [0071] Access to the cavities can take the form of an opening in the top surface or in the bottom surface of the mold. In some cases, the cavity may extend over the entire thickness of the mold. Alternatively, the cavity can extend only a portion of the thickness of the mold. In one embodiment, the top surface is substantially parallel to the bottom surface of the mold, with the cavities having a substantially uniform depth. At least one side of the mold, that is, the side on which the cavity is formed, can remain exposed to the surrounding atmosphere during the step in which the volatile component is removed. [0072] [0072] The cavity has a specific three-dimensional shape to produce the shaped abrasive particles illustrated in figures 1 to 5. The depth dimension is equal to the perpendicular distance from the top surface to the lowest point on the bottom surface. The depth of a given cavity can be uniform or can vary over its length and / or width. The cavities of a given mold can be of the same or different shapes. [0073] [0073] The third step of the process involves filling the cavities in the mold with the abrasive dispersion using any conventional technique. In some embodiments, a knife cylinder coating application device or vacuum slotted die coating application device may be used. A mold release can be used to assist in removing particles from the mold, if desired. Typical mold release agents include oils such as peanut oil or mineral oil, fish oil, silicones, polytetrafluoro ethylene, zinc stearate, and graphite. In general, between about 0.1% to about 5%, by weight of mold release agent, such as peanut oil, in a liquid, such as water or alcohol, is applied to the surfaces of the production tooling in contact with the sol-gel such that between about 0.016 mg / cm 2 (0.1 mg / inch 2 ) to about 0.47 mg / cm 2 (3.0 mg / inch 2 ), or between about 0.016 mg / cm 2 (0.1 mg / inch 2 ) to about 0.78 mg / cm 2 (5.0 mg / inch 2 ) of the mold release agent is present per unit area of the mold when a release of mold is desired. In one embodiment, the top surface of the mold is coated with the abrasive dispersion. The abrasive dispersion can be pumped to the top surface. Then, a scraper or leveling bar can be used to force the abrasive dispersion fully into the mold cavity. The remaining portion of abrasive dispersion that does not enter the cavity can be removed from the top surface of the mold and recycled. In some embodiments, a small portion of the abrasive dispersion may remain on the surface of, and in other embodiments, the top surface is substantially free of the dispersion. The pressure applied by the scraper or leveling bar is typically less than 689.5 kPa (100 psi), or less than 344.7 kPa (50 psi), or less than 68.9 kPa (10 psi). In some embodiments, no exposed surface of the abrasive dispersion extends substantially beyond the top surface to ensure uniformity in the thickness of the resulting shaped abrasive particles. [0074] [0074] The fourth step of the process involves removing the volatile component to dry the dispersion. Desirably, the volatile component is removed by rapid evaporation rates. In some embodiments, the removal of the volatile component through evaporation occurs at temperatures above the boiling point of the volatile component. An upper limit for the drying temperature often depends on the material from which the mold is made. For the polypropylene tool, the temperature must be less than the melting point of the plastic. [0075] [0075] In one embodiment, for a water dispersion of between about 40 to 50 percent solids and a polypropylene mold, drying temperatures can be between about 90 degrees Celsius to about 165 degrees Celsius, or between about from 105 degrees Celsius to about 150 degrees Celsius, or between about 105 degrees Celsius to about 120 degrees Celsius. Higher temperatures can lead to improved production speeds, but it can also lead to degradation of the polypropylene tooling that limits its useful life as a mold. [0076] [0076] The fifth processing step involves removing the precursor shaped abrasive particles from the mold cavities. Precursor shaped abrasive particles can be removed from the cavities using the following processes alone or in combination in the mold: gravity, vibration, ultrasonic vibration, vacuum, or pressurized air, to remove particles from the mold cavities. [0077] [0077] The abrasive precursor particles can additionally be dried out of the mold. If the abrasive dispersion is dried to the desired level in the mold, this additional drying step is not necessary. However, in some cases, it may be more economical to employ this additional drying step to minimize the time that the abrasive dispersion remains in the mold. Typically, precursor shaped abrasive particles will be dried between 10 to 480 minutes, or between 120 to 400 minutes, at a temperature of 50 degrees C to 160 degrees C, or 120 degrees C to 150 degrees C. [0078] [0078] The sixth stage of the process involves the calcination of precursor shaped abrasive particles. During calcination, essentially all the volatile material is removed and the various components that are present in the abrasive dispersion are transformed into metal oxides. Precursor shaped abrasive particles are, in general, heated to a temperature of 400 degrees C to 800 degrees C, and kept within this temperature range until free water and more than 90 weight percent of any bound volatile material removed. In an additional step, it may be desirable to introduce the modifying additive through an impregnation process. A water-soluble salt can be introduced by impregnating the pores of the shaped abrasive particles with calcined precursors. The precursor shaped abrasive particles are then pre-burned again. This option is further described in European Patent Application No. 293,163. [0079] [0079] The seventh stage of the process involves sintering the abrasive particles shaped as calcined precursors, to form alpha alumina particles. Before sintering, the calcined precursor shaped abrasive particles are not completely densified and therefore do not contain the desired hardness content to be used as abrasive particles. Sintering occurs by heating the shaped abrasive particles precursor calcined to a temperature of 1,000 degrees C to 1,650 degrees C and keeping them within this temperature range, until substantially all of the alpha alumina monohydrate (or equivalent) is converted in alpha alumina and the porosity is reduced to less than 15% by volume. The amount of time for which the calcined precursor shaped abrasive particles must be exposed to the sintering temperature to achieve this level of conversion depends on several factors, but is typically from five seconds to 48 hours, typically. In another modality, the duration for the sintering step is in the range of one minute to 90 minutes. After sintering, the shaped abrasive particles can have a Vickers hardness content of 10 GPa, 16 GPa, 18 GPa, 20 GPa, or more. [0080] [0080] Other steps can be used to modify the described process, such as rapidly heating the material from the calcination temperature to the sintering temperature, centrifuging the abrasive dispersion to remove sludge, scrap, etc. In addition, the process can be modified by combining two or more of the process steps if desired. The conventional process steps that can be used to modify the process of that description are more fully described in U.S. Patent No. 4,314,827 to Leitheiser. [0081] [0081] Further information regarding the methods for producing the shaped abrasive particles is presented in copending patent application serial number US 12 / 337,001 entitled “Method Of Making Abrasive Shards, Shaped Abrasive Particles With An Opening, Or Dish-Shaped Abrasive Particles” , filed on December 17, 2008. Examples [0082] [0082] The objectives and advantages of this description are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. The specific materials and quantities of them recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be interpreted as undue limiting of this description. Unless otherwise specified, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the examples and in the rest of the specification they are expressed by weight. Examples 1 to 3: Preparation of shaped abrasive particles [0083] [0083] Examples 1 to 3 are straight rhombic pyramidal shaped abrasive particles as shown in figure 8. A bohemian sol-gel was produced using the following recipe: aluminum oxide monohydrate powder (4,824 parts) that has the trade name “DISPERAL” (Sasol North America, Houston, TX, USA) was dispersed by mixing a high shear solution containing water (7,087 parts) and 70% aqueous nitric acid (212 parts) for 13 minutes. The resulting sol-gel was aged for 1 hour before coating. The sol-gel was forced into a production tooling that has right rhombic pyramidal shaped mold cavities of dimensions as shown in Table 1. During the construction of the production tooling, the surfaces of the mold cavities were manufactured to have a series of grooves with triangular cross section. The grooves were 6 microns deep and had a 110 degree tip angle dimension. The spacing between these features was 0.065 mm. A mold release agent, 2% peanut oil in water was coated on the production tooling to apply approximately 1.55 g / square meters (1 mg / square inches) of peanut oil. The sol-gel was forced into the cavities by a die-coating station by vacuum slit, so that all openings of the production tool were completely filled. The production tooling coated with sol-gel was passed through an 8.2 meter (27 feet) convection air oven at 3 meters per minute (10 feet per minute) set to 135 degrees Celsius at 60% speed. air in the 4.1 m (13.5 ft) zone 1 section and 121 degrees Celsius at 40% air speed in the 4.1 m (13.5 ft) zone 2 section. The precursor shaped abrasive particles were removed from the production tool by passing it over an ultrasonic horn. The precursor shaped abrasive particles were calcined at approximately 650 degrees Celsius and then saturated with a nitrate solution mixed with the following concentration (reported as oxides): 1.8% each of MgO, Y 2 O 3 Nd 2 O 3 and La 2 O 3 . The excess nitrate solution was removed and the saturated precursor shaped abrasive particles were left to dry after the particles were calcined again at 650 degrees C and sintered to approximately 1400 degrees C. Both calcination and sintering were performed using calcination by rotating tube. Representative shaped abrasive particles as shown in figure 8. Surface coating treatment [0084] [0084] Some of the shaped abrasive particles have been treated to intensify the electrostatic application of the shaped abrasive particles in a similar way to the method used to produce crushed abrasive particles CUBITON 324AV as presented in US Patent No. 5,352,254. The calcined precursor shaped abrasive particles are impregnated with a rare earth oxide (REO) solution comprising 1.4% MgO, 1.7% Y 2 O 3 , 5.7% La 2 O 3 and 0, 07% CoO. In 70 grams of the REO solution, 1.4 grams of Hydral 5 Coating powder available from Almatis of Pittsburg, PA. (approximately 0.5 micron average particle size) is dispersed by stirring in an open beaker. About 100 grams of calcined precursor shaped abrasive particles are then impregnated with the 71.4 grams of the Hydral 5 Coating powder dispersion in REO solution. The shaped abrasive particles that are calcined, impregnated precursors are then calcined again before sintering to the final hardness content. Table 1: Description of abrasive particle [0085] [0085] Comparative Examples A to C were crushed abrasive particles derived from commercially available sol gel sieved in screen cuts comparable to those in Examples 1 to 3. These particles are commercially available from 3M under the trade name “CUBITRON 321 ”. In Table 1 -70 / + 80 indicates that the particles can pass through frame size 70, but are retained in frame size 80. Examples 4 to 6 and comparative examples D to F [0086] [0086] Examples 4 to 6 and Comparative Examples D to F were abrasive articles prepared from the abrasive particles prepared according to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples A to C. These particles were coated with 17.8 cm (7 inches) diameter of fiber disc with a 2.2 cm (7/8 inch) hole. The sized and artificially produced coating compositions are shown in Table 2. The vulcanized fiber support that has a thickness of 0.83 mm (33 mils) (obtained under the trade name “DYNOS VULCANIZED FIBER” available from DYNOS Gmbh, Troisdorf, Germany) was coated with 3.0 grams / disk of the artificially produced coating composition, electrostatically coated with 5.0 grams / disk of abrasive particles, and then 10.0 grams / disk of the dimensioned coating composition were applied. In the case of Example 6, the abrasive particles were a mixture of 30% shaped abrasive particles from Example 3 and 70% brown aluminum oxide particles (grade P100 “FSX”, obtained from Treibacher Schleifmittel North America, Inc. , Niagra Falls, NY) After curing at 102 degrees Fahrenheit for 10 hours, the disks were flexed and then tested according to Crush Test 1. The test results are shown in figures 9 to 19. Table 2: Resins of dimensioned and artificially produced coating [0087] [0087] The abrasive discs were tested using the following procedure. For evaluation, abrasive discs of 17.8 cm (7 inches) in diameter were attached to a rotary grinder provided with a disk block face plate provided with 17.8 cm (7 inch) ribs (“45193 Medium Gray” obtained from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn., USA). The emery was then activated and driven against a final face of a 1.9 x 1.9 cm (0.75 x 0.75 in) pre-weighed 1045 medium carbon steel bar under a load of 3.6 kg (8 lb). The speed of rotation resulting from the grinding wheel under this load and in relation to this workpiece was 5,000 rpm. The workpiece was scraped under these conditions for a total of fifty (50) 15 second shredding intervals (passes). After each 15-second interval, the workpiece was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the cut of the abrasive operation. The test results were reported as the cumulative cut and cut rate for Examples 4 and 5, and as an incremental cut for each interval for Example 6. If desired, testing can be automated using equipment appropriate. Results [0088] [0088] The discs produced with -70 / + 80 degree of shaped abrasive particles of rhombic pyramidal shape, outperformed those produced with similar particles obtained from conventional cylinder crushing. The rate of cut and cumulative cut for discs produced with shaped abrasive particles was significantly higher than discs produced with crushed particles. These results are shown in figure 9 as Cut Rate as a function of Cycles and figure 10 as Total Cut as a function of Time for particles with frame size -70 / + 80. [0089] [0089] The discs produced with particles of degree -60 / + 70 of geometry with pyramidal shape surpassed the performance of those produced with similar particles obtained from conventional cylinder crushing. The rate of cut and cumulative cut for discs produced with shaped particles was also significantly higher than discs produced with crushed particles. These results are shown in figure 11 as Cut Rate as a function of Cycles and figure 12 as Total Cut as a function of Time for particles with frame size -60 / + 70. [0090] [0090] The cut for discs produced with 30% -50 / + 60 rhombic shaped pyramidal shaped abrasive particles mixed with the same crushed abrasive particles with screen size was significantly higher than discs produced with 100% crushed particles in degree -50 / + 60. These results are shown in figure 13 as Cycle cut as a function of Cycles. Thus, only a small amount of abrasive particles with a double tapered shape is required to significantly exhibit performance. Examples 7 to 10 and comparative example G [0091] [0091] Examples 7 to 10 and Comparative Example G demonstrate the effectiveness of the shaped abrasive particles of the invention when implanted as a minority in blends with commercially available crushed particles. Blends were prepared from the shaped abrasive particles of Example 2 and commercially available crushed particles of a similar size (brown aluminum oxide grade P80 “FSX”, obtained from Treibacher Schleifmittel North America, Inc., Niagra Falls, NY) The compositions of these abrasive blends are identified in Table 3. These particle blends were used to prepare abrasive blades. [0092] [0092] Example 7 was prepared from a 40.6 x 61.0 cm (16 x 24 inch) paper support with conventional C weight (120 gsm) with a side barrier layer that was coated with an artificially produced coating comprising resolved phenolic resin dispersed in 55% water that contains 0.5% of a nonionic surfactant (“Interwet 33” available from Interstab Chemicals of New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA) using a covering rod with ribs. An amount of 25 grams of the mineral blend was weighted and spread evenly on a mineral tray in preparation for electrostatic coating. The coated support was electrostatically coated for 10 seconds. The particle-coated slide was cured in forced convection ovens for 50 minutes at 99 ° C (210 degrees Fahrenheit) followed by 60 minutes at 104 ° C (220 degrees Fahrenheit). A coating of the same composition size as the artificially produced coating was then applied by brushing until an evenly moist appearance was achieved. The coated sizing article was then cured in sequential steps at 85 ° C (185 degrees Fahrenheit) for 60 minutes, 99 ° C (210 F) for 60 minutes, 104 ° C (220 degrees Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes, and at 113 ° C (235 degrees Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes. An oversized coating of a 50% aqueous calcium stearate dispersion, commercially available under the trade name “E-1058”, from E-Chem, Leeds, England was applied by brushing and left to dry overnight. other. The now completely abrasive article was prepared for evaluation by applying an attachment layer to the non-abrasive side and cutting a circular disc 12.7 cm (5 inches) in diameter [0093] [0093] The disks of Examples 8 to 10 and Comparative Example G were prepared in the same way as the disk of Example 7 except that the composition of the abrasive particle mixture was varied as shown in Table 3. The disks of Examples 7 a 10 and Comparative Example G were evaluated according to the Specimen. Specimen [0094] [0094] The discs were attached to a foam support surface of 12.7 cm (5.0 inches) in diameter by 0.95 cm (3/8 inches) in thickness, available under the trade name “3M STIKIT or HOOKIT BACKUP PAD, # 20206 ”available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. The holder and disk assembly were then mounted on a medium-acting double-orbital sander with a medium finish 12.7 cm (5 inches) in diameter, Model 050237, obtained from Air Vantage Tools, El Monte, California, USA. A pre-weighed dust collection device (11.43 cm x 15.24 cm) was attached to the dust outlet port of the sander. The abrasive face of the disc was manually placed in contact with a 40.6 cm by 40.6 cm (16 inch by 16 inch) pre-weighed rigid maple test body obtained from Woodcrafts Industrial, S Cloud, MN, USA. The sander was operated at 620 kPa (90 psi) of air line pressure and a down force of 44 N (15 pounds force) for 8 cycles of 150 seconds each. An angle of zero degrees was used in relation to the workpiece surface to be machined. Each cycle consisted of 48 overlapping transverse passages, for a combined total route length of 25.16 meters (1008 inches), at a tool speed of 17 cm per second (6.7 inches per second) across the panel surface, resulting in a uniformly sanded area of the test panel. “Cut”: the weight, in grams, that was removed from the wooden panel was recorded. Data reported based on the average of 3 test samples. The results of comparative testing are shown in Table 3. [0095] [0095] The addition of as little as 10 weight percent conformed abrasive particles of Example 2 (Table 1) almost doubles the cumulative cutting performance of the abrasive article. Additional increases in the relative quantity of the shaped abrasive particles of Example 2 further increase the cutting performance, but less dramatically. Examples 11 and 12 and comparative example H [0096] [0096] The abrasive particles of Examples 11 and 12 and Comparative Example H were prepared in the same way as the particles of Example 1 with the exception that the mold cavities in the tooling were modified. [0097] [0097] The mold cavities of Example 11 were an opening that is shaped like an elongated diamond and also a diamond shaped base in the mold. The diamond-shaped base is slightly smaller to provide an eight degree tilt angle in the cavity walls to produce shaped abrasive particles as shown in figure 3. [0098] [0098] The mold cavities of Example 12 were an opening that is shaped like an elongated diamond. The four rhombus-shaped sides taper to an apex at a forty-five degree tilt angle on the cavity walls to produce shaped abrasive particles as shown in figure 1. [0099] [0099] The mold cavities of Comparative Example H were an opening that is shaped like an equilateral triangle and also a base with an equilateral triangular shape. The triangular base is slightly smaller to provide an eight degree tilt angle in the cavity walls. Examples 13 and 14 and comparative example J [0100] [00100] The abrasive articles of Examples 13 to 14 and Comparative Example J were produced in the same way as those of Example 4 with the exception that 1) the particles of Example 11 (elongated diamond shown in figure 3), Example 12 (rhombohedral pyramid elongated shown in figure 1) and Example Comp. H (equilateral triangular prism) were replaced; 2) an oversized layer comprising KBF4 in phenolic resin was applied to each disc; and 3) both the 10 gram / abrasive disc with open coating weight and 100% closed coating (34 grams / disc for Example 11, 22 grams / disc for Example 12 and 22 grams per disc for Comparative Example J) have been prepared. The grinding performance of Examples 13 to 14 and Example Comp. J was evaluated on stainless steel according to Crush Test 2 (results shown in figures 14 to 16) and on medium carbon steel 1045 according to Crush Test 1, but limited to 42 to 45 cycles instead of 50 (results shown in figures 17 to 19). The cutting performance of Examples 13 and 14 improves with the increasing abrasive grain content. The closed-coated discs in Examples 13 and 14 outperform the open-coated discs. The disks of Comparative Example J show the opposite behavior, whose cutting performance decreases from an open to a closed coating. Crush test 2 [0101] [00101] The abrasive discs were tested using the following procedure. For evaluation, abrasive discs of 17.8 cm (7 inches) in diameter were attached to a rotary grinder provided with a disk block face plate provided with 17.8 cm (7 inch) ribs (“45193 Medium Gray” obtained from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn., USA). The emery was then activated and driven against a final face of a 1.9 x 1.9 cm (0.75 x 0.75 in) pre-weighed 304 stainless steel bar under a load of 5.4 kg (12 lb). The speed of rotation resulting from the emery under this load and in relation to this workpiece was 5,000 rpm. The workpiece was scraped under these conditions for a total of between 6 and 12 grinding intervals of 15 seconds (passes). After each 15-second interval, the workpiece was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the cut of the abrasive operation. The test results were reported as the cumulative cut and cut rate for Examples 4 and 5, and as an incremental cut for each interval for Example 6. If desired, testing can be automated using equipment appropriate. [0102] [00102] Figure 14 shows the performance of abrasive particles shaped with two elongated rhombic parallel faces (figure 3) and figure 15 shows the performance of abrasive particles shaped with an elongated rhombic face (figure 1) in stainless steel. The average sizes of these particles are 40 mesh. It can be noted that in both cases there is an increase in the initial shear rate from an open clad construction to a closed clad construction. On the other hand, in figure 16, in which comparative shaped abrasive particles with two parallel faces of net particle size equilateral triangle 40 are shown, the grinding performance drops from an open coating to a closed coating. In this way, the shaped abrasive particles of the invention perform better in closed-shell constructions than previous shaped abrasive particles. [0103] [00103] Figure 17 shows the performance of shaped abrasive particles with two elongated rhombic parallel faces (figure 3) and figure 18 shows the performance of shaped abrasive particles with an elongated rhombic face (figure 1) in mild steel. The average sizes of these particles are 40 mesh. It can be noted that in both cases there is an increase in the initial shear rate from an open cladding construction to a closed cladding construction. On the other hand, in figure 19 in which comparative shaped abrasive particles with two parallel faces of net particle size equilateral triangle 40 are shown, the grinding performance drops from an open coating to a closed coating. In this way, the shaped abrasive particles of the invention perform better in closed-shell constructions than previous shaped abrasive particles. [0104] [00104] These results show that these geometries of the invention can be improved for low pressure crushing applications. Previously, in order to have a good crushing cut rate, an open shell construction with triangular particles was required. In comparison, in these crushing conditions, there is an increase in the crushing performance with reduced opening of the mineral for the shaped particles with at least one elongated diamond-shaped face. Paint sanding performance [0105] [00105] The abrasive articles of Examples 9, 10, and Example Comp. G were compared according to the Paint Sanding Test. The results are shown in Table 4. Paint sanding test [0106] [00106] The discs were attached to a foam support surface of 12.7 cm (5.0 inches) in diameter by 0.95 cm (3/8 inches) in thickness, available under the trade name “3M STIKIT or HOOKIT BACKUP PAD, # 20206 ”available from 3M Company. The support block and disk assembly was then mounted on a double-action orbital sander with a medium finish of 12.7 cm (5 inches) in diameter, “MODEL 050237”, obtained from Air Vantage Tools, El Monte, HERE. The abrasive face of the disc was manually placed in contact with steel panels sprayed with Pre-weighed Paint, Primer, and E-Coat, 46 cm by 76 cm (18 inches by 30 inches) available from ACT Laboratories, Inc., Hillsdale, Ml. The sander was run at an air line pressure of 620 kPa (90 psi) and a downward force of 44 N (15 pounds force) at an angle of 2.5 degrees to the workpiece surface for approximately 6 cycles of 150 seconds each was used. Each sanding cycle included 48 overlapping cross passes, for a combined total route length of approximately 25.16 meters (1008 inches), at a tool speed of approximately 17 cm per second (6.7 inches per second) across the surface resulting in a uniformly sanded area of the test panel. One cycle represents the total sanding time above and movement through an operator before finishing sanding to inspect the work and then repeat it until reaching the metal. Commonly 6 cycles were required for the steel panels. [0107] [00107] After the first sanding cycle, the test panel was cleaned by applying compressed air to the top of the sanded panel to remove visible dust. The panel was weighted and the finish measured using the Taylor Hobson Co. profilometer. Reported data are an average of 3 test samples. The data shows that the shaped abrasive particles of the invention not only had a better cutting performance, but also achieved a lower surface roughness. Both attributes are desirable.
权利要求:
Claims (15) [0001] Shaped abrasive particles, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that they comprise alpha alumina, in which alpha alumina comprises a small amount of a modifying additive for gelation of a precursor dispersion for alpha alumina, a nucleating agent for the formation of alpha alumina at from the precursor dispersion, a peptizing agent to improve the stability of the alpha alumina precursor dispersion, residual solvent from the alpha alumina precursor dispersion, a release agent, an electrostatic deposition aid, or a combination thereof, shaped abrasive particles having a first side, a second side, a maximum length along a longitudinal axis and a maximum width transverse to the longitudinal axis; the first side comprising a quadrilateral having four edges and four vertices with the quadrilateral selected from the group consisting of a rhombus, a rhomboid, a deltoid, and a superelipse; and where an aspect ratio of the maximum length divided by the maximum width is 1.3 or greater. [0002] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the second side comprises a vertex and four facets that form a pyramid. [0003] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the facets cross the first side at an angle p of 5 to 65 degrees. [0004] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the second side comprises a second face and four facets that cross the second face at an angle of inclination to which forms a truncated pyramid. [0005] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the angle of inclination a is 95 to 135 degrees. [0006] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the second side comprises a second face and four facets that cross the second face at an angle of inclination at 90 degrees. [0007] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the second side comprises a ridge line and four facets. [0008] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 7, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the facets cross the first side at an angle p of 5 to 65 degrees. [0009] Shaped abrasive particles, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the aspect ratio is 1.7 to 5. [0010] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that one or more of the vertices are truncated. [0011] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the second side comprises a plurality of grooves. [0012] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the first side is concave. [0013] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it comprises an opening that passes through the first side and the second side. [0014] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the shaped abrasive particle consists of alpha alumina. [0015] Shaped abrasive particles according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the shaped abrasive particle consists of alpha alumina comprising none of the optional components.
类似技术:
公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题 BR112012013346B1|2020-06-30|abrasive particles with double tapered shape BR112013001831B1|2020-10-27|formatted abrasive particles BRPI0922318B1|2020-09-15|ABRASIVE PARTICLES MOLDED WITH GROOVES EP2373755B1|2018-07-04|Dish-shaped abrasive particles with a recessed surface US8845773B2|2014-09-30|Shaped abrasive particles with an opening US10987780B2|2021-04-27|Shaped abrasive particles with a sloping sidewall BRPI0821437B1|2019-01-22|method of manufacturing a plurality of abrasive shards and abrasive article
同族专利:
公开号 | 公开日 KR101863969B1|2018-06-01| EP2507013B1|2019-12-25| EP2507013A2|2012-10-10| CN102666017A|2012-09-12| JP5651190B2|2015-01-07| WO2011068714A2|2011-06-09| WO2011068714A3|2011-09-15| US9447311B2|2016-09-20| CN102666017B|2015-12-16| BR112012013346A2|2016-03-01| JP2013512788A|2013-04-18| EP2507013A4|2017-05-17| US20120227333A1|2012-09-13| KR20120114276A|2012-10-16|
引用文献:
公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题 GB986847A|1962-02-07|1965-03-24|Charles Beck Rosenberg Brunswi|Improvements in or relating to abrasives| US3481723A|1965-03-02|1969-12-02|Itt|Abrasive grinding wheel| US3808747A|1970-06-08|1974-05-07|Wheelabrator Corp|Mechanical finishing and media therefor| US5103598A|1989-04-28|1992-04-14|Norton Company|Coated abrasive material containing abrasive filaments| US5129919A|1990-05-02|1992-07-14|Norton Company|Bonded abrasive products containing sintered sol gel alumina abrasive filaments| US5366523A|1992-07-23|1994-11-22|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company|Abrasive article containing shaped abrasive particles| RU95105160A|1992-07-23|1997-01-10|Миннесота Майнинг энд Мануфакчуринг Компани |Method of preparing abrasive particles, abrasive articles and articles with abrasive coating| US5201916A|1992-07-23|1993-04-13|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company|Shaped abrasive particles and method of making same| CA2115889A1|1993-03-18|1994-09-19|David E. Broberg|Coated abrasive article having diluent particles and shaped abrasive particles| US5409645A|1993-12-20|1995-04-25|Saint Gobain/Norton Industrial Ceramics Corp.|Molding shaped articles| AT240188T|1994-09-30|2003-05-15|Minnesota Mining & Mfg|COATED ABRASIVE OBJECT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF| CN1162283A|1994-09-30|1997-10-15|美国3M公司|Coated abrasive article, method for preparing same, and method of using| US6054093A|1994-10-19|2000-04-25|Saint Gobain-Norton Industrial Ceramics Corporation|Screen printing shaped articles| US6475253B2|1996-09-11|2002-11-05|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article and method of making| US8545583B2|2000-11-17|2013-10-01|Wayne O. Duescher|Method of forming a flexible abrasive sheet article| US8092707B2|1997-04-30|2012-01-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Compositions and methods for modifying a surface suited for semiconductor fabrication| AU7701498A|1998-01-28|1999-08-16|Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company|Method for making abrasive grain using impregnation and abrasive articles| US6080216A|1998-04-22|2000-06-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Layered alumina-based abrasive grit, abrasive products, and methods| JP4204132B2|1999-02-19|2009-01-07|大塚化学ホールディングス株式会社|Friction material| JP2003534137A|2000-04-28|2003-11-18|スリーエムイノベイティブプロパティズカンパニー|Abrasive article and glass grinding method| US6776699B2|2000-08-14|2004-08-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive pad for CMP| WO2003104344A1|2002-06-05|2003-12-18|Arizona Board Of Regents|Abrasive particles to clean semiconductor wafers during chemical mechanical planarization| JP2007044824A|2005-08-10|2007-02-22|Soken:Kk|Cmp pad conditioner in semiconductor planarization cmp process| US7410413B2|2006-04-27|2008-08-12|3M Innovative Properties Company|Structured abrasive article and method of making and using the same| CN100431774C|2006-10-09|2008-11-12|无锡压缩机股份有限公司|Making process of gear box casing for centrifugal compressor| US8034137B2|2007-12-27|2011-10-11|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped, fractured abrasive particle, abrasive article using same and method of making| US8123828B2|2007-12-27|2012-02-28|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making abrasive shards, shaped abrasive particles with an opening, or dish-shaped abrasive particles| US20110258938A1|2008-06-13|2011-10-27|Fujimi Inc.|Aluminum oxide particle and polishing composition containing the same| TWI388401B|2008-07-30|2013-03-11|Polycrystalline aluminum-containing grits and associated methods| US8142531B2|2008-12-17|2012-03-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles with a sloping sidewall| BRPI0922318B1|2008-12-17|2020-09-15|3M Innovative Properties Company|ABRASIVE PARTICLES MOLDED WITH GROOVES| US8142891B2|2008-12-17|2012-03-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Dish-shaped abrasive particles with a recessed surface| US8142532B2|2008-12-17|2012-03-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles with an opening| US10137556B2|2009-06-22|2018-11-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles with low roundness factor|US9180573B2|2010-03-03|2015-11-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Bonded abrasive wheel| WO2011139562A2|2010-04-27|2011-11-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Ceramic shaped abrasive particles, methods of making the same, and abrasive articles containing the same| EP2395629A1|2010-06-11|2011-12-14|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft|Stator element| JP5774105B2|2010-08-04|2015-09-02|スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー|Crossed plate molding abrasive particles| CN104726063B|2010-11-01|2018-01-12|3M创新有限公司|Shaped ceramic abrasive particle and forming ceramic precursors particle| BR112013009469B1|2010-11-01|2020-08-25|3M Innovative Properties Company|abrasive particles with shape and production method| PL2658680T3|2010-12-31|2021-05-31|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive articles comprising abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such articles| WO2012112305A2|2011-02-16|2012-08-23|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive article having rotationally aligned formed ceramic abrasive particles and method of making| EP2697416B1|2011-04-14|2017-05-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Nonwoven abrasive article containing elastomer bound agglomerates of shaped abrasive grain| CN108262695A|2011-06-30|2018-07-10|圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司|Include the abrasive product of silicon nitride abrasive grain| US8840694B2|2011-06-30|2014-09-23|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Liquid phase sintered silicon carbide abrasive particles| EP2731922A2|2011-07-12|2014-05-21|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making ceramic shaped abrasive particles, sol-gel composition, and ceramic shaped abrasive particles| EP3590657A1|2011-09-07|2020-01-08|3M Innovative Properties Company|Bonded abrasive article| EP2753457B1|2011-09-07|2016-09-21|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of abrading a workpiece| EP2567784B1|2011-09-08|2019-07-31|3M Innovative Properties Co.|Bonded abrasive article| EP2760639B1|2011-09-26|2021-01-13|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive articles including abrasive particulate materials, coated abrasives using the abrasive particulate materials and methods of forming| CN104114664B|2011-12-30|2016-06-15|圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司|Form molding abrasive grains| KR20170018102A|2011-12-30|2017-02-15|생-고뱅 세라믹스 앤드 플라스틱스, 인코포레이티드|Shaped abrasive particle and method of forming same| JP5903502B2|2011-12-30|2016-04-13|サン−ゴバン セラミックス アンド プラスティクス，インコーポレイティド|Particle material with shaped abrasive particles| US8753742B2|2012-01-10|2014-06-17|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive particles having complex shapes and methods of forming same| US8840696B2|2012-01-10|2014-09-23|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles| US9242346B2|2012-03-30|2016-01-26|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Abrasive products having fibrillated fibers| RU2621085C2|2012-04-04|2017-05-31|Зм Инновейтив Пропертиз Компани|Abrasive particles, method of obtaining abrasive particles and abrasive articles| KR101888347B1|2012-05-23|2018-08-16|생-고뱅 세라믹스 앤드 플라스틱스, 인코포레이티드|Shaped abrasive particles and methods of forming same| US10106714B2|2012-06-29|2018-10-23|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles| EP2880117B1|2012-08-02|2017-03-01|Robert Bosch GmbH|Abrasive grit comprising first surface without corner and second surface with corner| EP2692821A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with base body and top body| EP2692817A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with panels arranged under an angle| EP2692816A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with flat bodies penetrating each other| EP2692820A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with base surface, ridge and opening| EP2692818A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with main surfaces and secondary surfaces| EP2692815A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with concave section| EP2692819A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch GmbH|Abrasive grit with base surface and ridges| EP2692814A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit comprising first surface without corner and second surface with corner| CN104520401A|2012-08-02|2015-04-15|罗伯特·博世有限公司|Abrasive particle with at most three surfaces and one corner| EP2692813A1|2012-08-02|2014-02-05|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grit with ridges of varying heights| US9440332B2|2012-10-15|2016-09-13|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles| JP6550335B2|2012-10-31|2019-07-24|スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー|Shaped abrasive particles, method of making the same, and abrasive articles comprising the same| EP2938459B1|2012-12-31|2021-06-16|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Particulate materials and methods of forming same| WO2014106280A1|2012-12-31|2014-07-03|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Abrasive articles including a blend of abrasive grains and method of forming same| CN105050770B|2013-03-12|2018-08-17|3M创新有限公司|Bonded abrasive article| US9457453B2|2013-03-29|2016-10-04|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc./Saint-Gobain Abrasifs|Abrasive particles having particular shapes and methods of forming such particles| ITTO20130481A1|2013-06-12|2013-09-11|Kite Gen Res Srl|WING WITH BIMODAL OPERATION.| TW201502263A|2013-06-28|2015-01-16|Saint Gobain Ceramics|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| JP2016538149A|2013-09-30|2016-12-08|サン−ゴバン セラミックス アンド プラスティクス，インコーポレイティド|Shaped abrasive particles and method for forming shaped abrasive particles| WO2015058092A2|2013-10-18|2015-04-23|Skarie James B|Traction media and traction enhancing systems for dispensing such traction media| CN105722643B|2013-11-12|2018-06-05|3M创新有限公司|Structured abrasive article and its application method| EP3069353B1|2013-11-15|2019-10-30|3M Innovative Properties Company|An electrically conductive article containing shaped particles and methods of making same| CA2934647A1|2013-12-23|2015-07-02|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making a coated abrasive article| EP3086903B1|2013-12-23|2019-09-11|3M Innovative Properties Company|A coated abrasive article maker apparatus| EP3089851B1|2013-12-31|2019-02-06|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| US9771507B2|2014-01-31|2017-09-26|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Shaped abrasive particle including dopant material and method of forming same| GB201405704D0|2014-03-31|2014-05-14|Rolls Royce Plc|Gas turbine engine| DE202014101739U1|2014-04-11|2014-05-09|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Abrasive grain with knots and extensions| DE202014101741U1|2014-04-11|2014-05-09|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Partially coated abrasive grain| CA2945493C|2014-04-14|2020-08-04|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| EP3131706A4|2014-04-14|2017-12-06|Saint-Gobain Ceramics and Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| EP3134227B1|2014-04-21|2019-09-11|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive particles and abrasive articles including the same| US9902045B2|2014-05-30|2018-02-27|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Method of using an abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| US10493596B2|2014-08-21|2019-12-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive article with multiplexed structures of abrasive particles and method of making| US10245708B2|2014-08-27|2019-04-02|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making an abrasive article and abrasive article| WO2016044158A1|2014-09-15|2016-03-24|3M Innovative Properties Company|Methods of making abrasive articles and bonded abrasive wheel preparable thereby| CN107073686B|2014-10-21|2020-11-17|3M创新有限公司|Abrasive preform, method of making an abrasive article, and bonded abrasive article| US9707529B2|2014-12-23|2017-07-18|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Composite shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same| US9914864B2|2014-12-23|2018-03-13|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Shaped abrasive particles and method of forming same| US9676981B2|2014-12-24|2017-06-13|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Shaped abrasive particle fractions and method of forming same| CN107427991B|2015-03-30|2020-06-12|3M创新有限公司|Coated abrasive article and method of making same| TWI634200B|2015-03-31|2018-09-01|聖高拜磨料有限公司|Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same| EP3277459A4|2015-03-31|2018-11-14|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same| BR112017022200A2|2015-04-14|2018-07-03|3M Innovative Properties Co|non-woven abrasive article and method of manufacture| CA3118239A1|2015-06-11|2016-12-15|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| KR20180010311A|2015-06-19|2018-01-30|쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니|Abrasive articles with abrasive particles having a random rotation orientation within a certain range| PL3310532T3|2015-06-19|2022-01-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method for making abrasive articles| US10773360B2|2015-07-08|2020-09-15|3M Innovative Properties Company|Systems and methods for making abrasive articles| CN107912026B|2015-07-08|2020-10-02|3M创新有限公司|System and method for making abrasive articles| US9849563B2|2015-11-05|2017-12-26|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article and method of making the same| EP3374098A4|2015-11-13|2019-07-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of shape sorting crushed abrasive particles| CN109070314B|2016-05-06|2021-03-30|3M创新有限公司|Curable composition, abrasive article, and method of making the same| EP3507316A1|2016-08-31|2019-07-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Halogen and polyhalide mediated phenolic polymerization| US10988648B2|2016-09-21|2021-04-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Elongated abrasive particle with enhanced retention features| EP3519134A4|2016-09-29|2020-05-27|Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc.|Fixed abrasive articles and methods of forming same| CN109789537A|2016-09-30|2019-05-21|3M创新有限公司|Abrasive product and preparation method thereof| EP3519138A4|2016-09-30|2020-09-02|3M Innovative Properties Company|Multipurpose tooling for shaped particles| US10774251B2|2016-10-25|2020-09-15|3M Innovative Properties Company|Functional abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and methods of making the same| CN109890931B|2016-10-25|2021-03-16|3M创新有限公司|Magnetizable abrasive particles and abrasive articles comprising magnetizable abrasive particles| WO2018080799A1|2016-10-25|2018-05-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same| US10655038B2|2016-10-25|2020-05-19|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making magnetizable abrasive particles| WO2018080765A1|2016-10-25|2018-05-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Structured abrasive articles and methods of making the same| CN106590529A|2016-12-02|2017-04-26|大连圣洁热处理科技发展有限公司|Composite wear-resisting abrasive material and application thereof| EP3551387A1|2016-12-07|2019-10-16|3M Innovative Properties Company|Flexible abrasive article| US10759024B2|2017-01-31|2020-09-01|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| US10563105B2|2017-01-31|2020-02-18|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive article including shaped abrasive particles| CN110719946A|2017-06-21|2020-01-21|圣戈本陶瓷及塑料股份有限公司|Particulate material and method of forming the same| EP3720654A1|2017-12-08|2020-10-14|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article| EP3720655A1|2017-12-08|2020-10-14|3M Innovative Properties Company|Porous abrasive article| WO2019125995A1|2017-12-18|2019-06-27|3M Innovative Properties Company|Phenolic resin composition comprising polymerized ionic groups, abrasive articles and methods| EP3775089A1|2018-04-12|2021-02-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same| WO2019207415A1|2018-04-24|2019-10-31|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making a coated abrasive article| EP3784434A1|2018-04-24|2021-03-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive article and method of making the same| US20210046612A1|2018-04-24|2021-02-18|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making a coated abrasive article| WO2020035764A1|2018-08-13|2020-02-20|3M Innovative Properties Company|Structured abrasive article and method of making the same| US11229987B2|2018-08-27|2022-01-25|3M Innovative Properties Company|Embedded electronic circuit in grinding wheels and methods of embedding| CN109545991B|2018-10-24|2021-10-26|东北石油大学|Application of gold nano bipyramid in OLED device| WO2020099969A1|2018-11-15|2020-05-22|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive belt and methods of making and using the same| EP3880405A1|2018-11-15|2021-09-22|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive belt and methods of making and using the same| CN113166633A|2018-12-07|2021-07-23|3M创新有限公司|Self-orienting shaped abrasive particles| WO2020128708A1|2018-12-18|2020-06-25|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive articles and methods of making coated abrasive articles| CN113260486A|2018-12-18|2021-08-13|3M创新有限公司|Coated abrasive article with spacer particles and method and apparatus for making same| US20220041909A1|2018-12-18|2022-02-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive articles with varying shaped abrasive particles| DE102018222444A1|2018-12-20|2020-06-25|Robert Bosch Gmbh|Shaped ceramic abrasive grain and process for producing a shaped ceramic abrasive grain| KR20210124337A|2019-02-11|2021-10-14|쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니|abrasive articles| EP3924149A1|2019-02-11|2021-12-22|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive articles and methods of making and using the same| CN113710767A|2019-04-15|2021-11-26|3M创新有限公司|Partially shaped abrasive particles, methods of manufacture, and articles comprising the partially shaped abrasive particles| EP3956104A1|2019-04-16|2022-02-23|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article and method of making the same| CN114026660A|2019-06-28|2022-02-08|3M创新有限公司|Magnetizable abrasive particles and method of making same| WO2021009600A1|2019-07-18|2021-01-21|3M Innovative Properties Company|Electrostatic particle alignment method and abrasive article| WO2021014271A1|2019-07-23|2021-01-28|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles with sharp edges, methods of manufacturing and articles containing the same| WO2021074768A1|2019-10-14|2021-04-22|3M Innovative Properties Company|Magnetizable abrasive particle and method of making the same| WO2021074756A1|2019-10-17|2021-04-22|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive articles and method of making the same| WO2021079331A1|2019-10-23|2021-04-29|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles with concave void within one of the plurality of edges| WO2021111327A1|2019-12-06|2021-06-10|3M Innovative Properties Company|Mesh abrasive and method of making the same| WO2021116882A1|2019-12-09|2021-06-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article| WO2021116883A1|2019-12-09|2021-06-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive articles and methods of making coated abrasive articles| US20210197339A1|2019-12-27|2021-07-01|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.|Abrasive articles and methods of forming same| WO2021152444A1|2020-01-31|2021-08-05|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive articles| WO2021161129A1|2020-02-10|2021-08-19|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive article and method of making the same| WO2021186326A1|2020-03-18|2021-09-23|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article| WO2021198951A1|2020-04-03|2021-10-07|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of making a coated abrasive article| WO2021214605A1|2020-04-23|2021-10-28|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles| WO2021229392A1|2020-05-11|2021-11-18|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive body and method of making the same| WO2021234540A1|2020-05-20|2021-11-25|3M Innovative Properties Company|Composite abrasive article, and method of making and using the same| WO2021245494A1|2020-06-04|2021-12-09|3M Innovative Properties Company|Shaped abrasive particles and methods of manufacture the same| WO2021245492A1|2020-06-04|2021-12-09|3M Innovative Properties Company|Incomplete polygonal shaped abrasive particles, methods of manufacture and articles containing the same| WO2022003498A1|2020-06-30|2022-01-06|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive articles and methods of making and using the same| WO2022023879A1|2020-07-28|2022-02-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Coated abrasive article and method of making the same| WO2022023848A1|2020-07-30|2022-02-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Method of abrading a workpiece| WO2022023845A1|2020-07-30|2022-02-03|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive article and method of making the same| WO2022034397A1|2020-08-10|2022-02-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive system and method of using the same| WO2022034443A1|2020-08-10|2022-02-17|3M Innovative Properties Company|Abrasive articles and method of making the same|
法律状态:
2018-04-10| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according art. 34 industrial property law| 2018-12-11| B06T| Formal requirements before examination| 2019-07-30| B06A| Notification to applicant to reply to the report for non-patentability or inadequacy of the application according art. 36 industrial patent law| 2019-12-17| B06A| Notification to applicant to reply to the report for non-patentability or inadequacy of the application according art. 36 industrial patent law| 2020-04-28| B09A| Decision: intention to grant| 2020-06-30| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 23/11/2010, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
优先权:
[返回顶部]
申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题 US26600009P| true| 2009-12-02|2009-12-02| US61/266.000|2009-12-02| PCT/US2010/057713|WO2011068714A2|2009-12-02|2010-11-23|Dual tapered shaped abrasive particles| 相关专利
Sulfonates, polymers, resist compositions and patterning process
Washing machine
Washing machine
Device for fixture finishing and tension adjusting of membrane
Structure for Equipping Band in a Plane Cathode Ray Tube
Process for preparation of 7 alpha-carboxyl 9, 11-epoxy steroids and intermediates useful therein an
国家/地区
|